Read it LOUD Foundation

The Literature of Transition: Coming-of-Age Stories

By Karen M. Smith

The term “children’s literature” brings to mind those sweet, charming books for the elementary school crowd. However, the gap between toddler and 10 years old is no less wide than the gap between 10 and 18 years old. The advance into adolescence comes with increased self-awareness, increased social pressure, and a whole barrage of often embarrassing hormonal influences. Children seeking a shared voice, an imaginary friend’s commiseration, or even validation of their careening emotions find solace and validation among coming-of-age stories. These books help youth navigate their journey from childhood to adulthood.

Literary critics group those books that tackle the coming-of-age theme and audience with a moral or psychological focus into a sub-genre called Bildungsroman. Coined in 1819 by Wilhelm Dilthey and popularized in 1905, scholars credit the Bildungsroman’s strong influence to Wilhelm Meister’s Apprenticeship (1795-96), originally in five volumes, by Johann Wolfgang Goethe and to Geschichte des Agathon (1767), originally in two volumes, by Christoph Martin Wieland.

More than simply an adventure with teenage protagonists, the Bildungsroman features the adolescent protagonist at odds with society’s values. Through struggle and learning, reconciliation and personal growth happen when the character learns the moral lessons imparted by his clash with social values and accepts the prevailing wisdom of that social structure. The sub-genre encompasses categories, even further splitting the lessons, from the Entwicklungsroman which focuses on general growth to the Erziehungsroman which focuses on training and formal schooling to Künstlerroman which focuses on the development of the artist.

Classic literature often imbues a strong didactic and moral focus, which lends perfectly to coming-of-age novels, especially of the Bildungsroman variety. Consider the following stories which may appeal to your teenage readers to help them understand and navigate the treacherous waters of adolescence.

The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn and The Adventures of Tom Sawyer by Mark Twain. These perennial favorites told with the characteristic warmth and wit of the author of Tom Sawyer, this book use harrowing adventure to take two friends from heedless naivety to self-aware maturity.

Little Women by Louisa May Alcott takes four sister on their gentle journey from carefree childhood to the responsibilities of womanhood, with protagonist Jo being the key character determined to forge a new path against social constraints.

A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man by James Joyce pertains particularly to older teens struggling with the decision of what to do with their lives as it follows the protagonist who must decide whether to embark upon the career he wants versus the career his family wants for him.

The Yearling by Marjorie Kinnan Rawlings tells the tale of an indigent boy who adopts an abandoned fawn who accompanies him as he grows into adolescence. The book ends with the necessity of a desperate choice that forces maturity upon him.

The Secret Garden by FRances Hodgson Burnett. Sent to live with her uncle and cousins, an orphan joins forces with a local boy and transforms a neglected garden into paradise.

Anne of Green Gables by Lucy Maud Montgomery. A plucky and precocious orphaned girl goes to live with an pair of middle-aged siblings who would prefer a boy.

Great Expectations by Charles Dickens (originally in three volumes). Far from the only coming-of-age novel written by this venerated author, this is considered his best. It features an orphaned boy of mean birth who dares to dream of becoming a gentleman.

As I Lay Dying by William Faulkner. A harrowing journey to bury a family’s mother ranges from deep pathos to dark humor.

The House of Mirth by Edith Wharton. Although the protagonist is fully adult at the age of 29, she emerges from a prolonged state of adolescence as her search for endless admiration and wealth lead to scandal.

Peter Pan by J. M. Barrie. First introduced in The Little White Bird as the boy who never grew up, even perpetual childhood delivers lessons in maturity, especially for the Darling siblings who cannot stay in Neverland.
The Grapes of Wrath by John Steinbeck follows the Dust Bowl migration of an Oklahoma farming family driven from their homestead to California.

The Beautiful and the Damned by F. Scott Fitzgerald. Another coming-of-age novel that features an adult protagonist enjoying and extended adolescence, this book follows the heir to an enormous fortune who squanders his wealth.

Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland and Through the Looking Glass by Lewis Carroll. A whimsical world filled with unexpected danger teaches young Alice some important life lessons.

Pride and Prejudice, Mansfield Park, Sense and Sensibility, Persuasion, Northanger Abbey, and Emma by Jane Austen. In Regency England, a young woman lived a life of perpetual childhood unless and until she married. Enjoy Austen’s sharp wit as you follow young heroines as they navigate society and societal expectations. Note that only Mansfield Park begins with the heroine as a child.

To the Lighthouse by Virginia Woolf focuses on philosophical introspection upon the power of childhood emotions pertinent to a family visiting the Isle of Skye.

The Rise of Silas Lapham by William Dean Howells uses humor and the rise and fall of fortune to deliver moral lessons.

A Howling Good Time: Storybook Wolves

By Karen M. Smith

Children’s literature is rife with monsters, usually evil and oftentimes taking the shape of wolves. The image of the wolf arises from ancient times when most people lived agrarian lives and feared large predators which killed their valuable livestock and, sometimes, people.

The wolf, which lives in communal groups, resembles the extended human family or small village. That similarity makes it easy to characterize them by human standards, which viewed wolves as synonymous with humanity’s less than endearing sins of gluttony, greed, malice, and lust.

The traditional mindset did not change until the 1940s and 1950s, when scientists took the time to study wolves for the precise intention of learning the best way to eradicate them. Research showed the deeply social and supportive aspect of lupine society, which sparked a rapid change in general attitudes. Over the subsequent decades, wolves went from being the evil opponent of mankind to noble savages that nurtured the young.

Although the last wolf in England is said to have been exterminated in 1680, the last one in Scotland killed in 1848, and the systematic hunting of wolves in Europe and North America has made them exceedingly rare, their memory survives in literature, especially children’s literature. The World Library contains virtual shelves full of children’s stories featuring wolves in their conflicting aspects.

The Tale of Ivan Tsarevich, the Firebird, and the Gray Wolf: This Russian fairy tale tells the story of young Ivan Tsarevich, son of a Tsar, whose father sends him out to capture the firebird eating the apples in the royal orchard. On the way to the orchard, Ivan comes to fork in the road and encounters a wolf.

Little Red Riding Hood: Renowned French storyteller Charles Perrault adapted this well-known folk tale in 1697. Like many fairy tales, this one is rife with symbolism and the wolf represents the cardinal sins of lust and gluttony.

Peter and the Wolf: In 1936, Natalya Sats and the Central Children’s Theatre in Moscow commissioned Sergei Prokofiev to write a new musical symphony that would appeal to children. Prokofiev created Peter and the Wolf in just four days. The musical score debuted as an animated production in 1946 to become an instant classic.

The Fables of Aesop and Others: From “The Boy Who Cried Wolf” to “The Wolf and the Crow,” wolves feature largely in these ancient cautionary tales, commanding 12 of these stories in the 1786 English translation by Samuel Croxall.

White Fang: by Jack London: This 1906 classic novel exploring the violence of animals and men first appeared in serialized format. It takes place in the Yukon Territory during the 1890s Gold Rush.

The Jungle Book: Repurposed several times over into movies, Rudyard Kipling’s 1894 book takes place in Colonial India and features a native hero raised by wolves that feature strongly as a force for family and social support.

The Fairy Tales of the Brothers Grimm cannot be left out of this roster of children’s literature. Wolves feature in five of the stories featured here, including “The Wolf and the Seven Kids,” “The Wolf and the Man,” “Old Sultan, The Wren and the Bear,” and more.

Wolf Time: Lars Walker’s science fiction novella, published in 2004, of a human turning wolf, at least within his thoughts, may appeal to teenagers.

The Gold Wolf, a short story, published in 2002, by W. A. Fraser is another tale appealing to teens. It brings the flavor of the Old West in North America to a tale of a bounty hunter’s encounter with wolves and an outlaw called Jack the Wolf.