Paleo Foraging

Elderberry

Covered in-depth in my book: www.amazon.com/Native-Food-Plants-Texas-Indigenous/dp/B0FW7K4GXL

Note that the Indigenous peoples mentioned are still living cultures and when I use past tense it is to describe practices in a historical context.

Some of these species may have TOXIC, POISONOUS, & DEADLY properties. To be safe, DO NOT try anything I say or do. Foragers should be 100% certain of the ID of anything consumed.

REFERENCES
- Appenteng et al. 2021. Cyanogenic Glycoside Analysis in American Elderberry.
- Baker. 1981. The ethnobotany of the Yurok, Tolowa, and Karok Indians of northwest California.
- Banks. 1953. Ethnobotany of the Cherokee Indians.
- Barrows. 1967. The ethno-botany of the Coahuilla Indians of Southern California.
- Bean and Saubel. 1972. Temalpakh (from the earth).
- Bocek. 1984. Ethnobotany of Costanoan Indians.
- Castetter and Opler. 1936. The ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache.
- Coville. 1897. Notes on the plants used by the Klamath Indians of Oregon.
- Chesnut. 1902. Plants used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California.
- Dixon. 1907. The Shasta.
- French. 1965. Ethnobotany of the Pacific Northwest Indians.
- Gilmore. 1977. Uses of plants by the Indians of the Missouri river region.
- Goodrich et al. 1980. Kashaya Pomo plants.
- Hart. 1979. The ethnobotany of the Flathead Indians of western Montana.
- Kindscher and Hurlburt. 1998. Huron Smith's ethnobotany of the Hocąk (Winnebago).
- La Vere, D. 2006. Life among the Texas Indians.
- Senica et al. 2017. The higher the better? Differences in phenolics and cyanogenic glycosides in Sambucus nigra leaves, flowers and berries from different altitudes.
- Smith. 1974. Ethnography of the Northern Utes.
- Smith. 1927. Materia medica of the Bella Coola and neighbouring tribes of British Columbia.
- Smith. 1923. Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians.
- Smith. 1928. Ethnobotany of the Meskwaki Indians.
- Smith. 1932. Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians.
- Speck. 1941. A list of plant curatives obtained from the Houma Indians of Louisiana.
- Vestal. And Richerd Evans Schultes. 1939. Economic botany of the Kiowa Indians.
- Zigmond. 1981. Kawaiisu ethnobotany.

Best Bow Wood in North America

Osage orange / horse apple / hedge apple / bois d'arc / bodark / Maclura pomifera

Note that the bowmaking process described is just that used by the Comanche in the early 1900's. There are countless ways to turn a tree into a bow. Stone tools require a particular process that few ethnographies relate wherein wood was worked green.

Note that the Indigenous peoples mentioned are still living cultures and when I use past tense it is to describe practices in a historical context.

Complete stone-age bow, string, & arrow builds are on my YouTube channel.

My book: www.amazon.com/Native-Food-Plants-Texas-Indigenous/dp/B0FW7K4GXL

REFERENCES
- Banta, S. E. 1911. Buckelew the Indian Captive.
- Carlson, G.G. and V.H. Jones. 1939. Some notes on uses of plants by the Comanche Indians.
- Castetter, E.F. and R.M. Underhill. 1935. The ethnobiology of the Papago Indians.
- Foster, W.C. (ed.) 1998. The La Salle expedition to Texas.
- GBIF Secretariat (range maps)
- Gilmore, M.R. 1977. Uses of plants by the Indians of the Missouri River region.
- Kavanagh, T.W. (ed.). 2008. Comanche ethnography.
- Latorre, D.L. and F.A. Latorre. 1977. Plants used by the Mexican Kickapoo Indians.
- Mails, T. E. 1974. People called Apache.
- Mason, Otis T. 1894. North American bows, arrows, and quivers.
- Munson, P.J. 1981. Contributions to Osage and Lakota ethnobotany.
- Perdue, T. 1993. Nations remembered.
- Robbins et al. 1916. Ethnobotany of the Tewa Indians.
- Vestal, P.A. and R.E. Schultes. 1939. Economic botany of the Kiowa Indians.
- Volkman, N. Native tribes of North America, Central America, and the Caribbean.
- Weddle, R.S. (ed.). 1987. La Salle, the Mississippi, and the Gulf.

Why was this plant smoked?

The inner bark of a variety of dogwood (Cornus) species was historically a popular smoking material for Indigenous peoples, used in a mixture often referred to as "kinnikinnick."

Note that the Indigenous peoples mentioned are still living cultures and when I use past tense it is to describe practices in a historical context.

This video is for educational or entertainment purposes. To be safe, DO NOT try anything I say or do. Foragers should be 100% certain of the ID of anything consumed.

My book: www.amazon.com/Native-Food-Plants-Texas-Indigenous/dp/B0FW7K4GXL

REFERENCES
- Banks, W. H. 1953. Ethnobotany of the Cherokee Indians.
- Bernier, G. R. 2004. Ethnobotany of the Northern Cheyenne.
- Carlson, G. G. and V. H. Jones. 1939. Some notes on uses of plants by the Comanche Indians.
- Chamberlin, R. V. 1911: The ethno-botany of the Gosiute Indians of Utah.
- Chesnut, V. K. 1902. Plants used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California.
- GBIF Secretariat (range maps)
- Gilmore, M. R. 1977. Uses of plants by the Indians of the Missouri River region.
- Goodrich, J., Lawson, C., and V. P. Lawson. 1980. Kashaya Pomo plants.
- Hart, J. A. 1979. The ethnobotany of the Flathead Indians of western Montana.
- Hellson, J. C. and M. Gadd. 1974. Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians.
- Kavanagh, T. W. (ed.). 2008. Comanche ethnography.
- Kindscher, K., and D. P. Hurlburt. 1998. Huron Smith's ethnobotany of the Hocąk (Winnebago).
- Leighton, A. L. 1985. Wild plant use by the Woods Cree (Nihīthawak) of east-central Saskatchewan.
- Mason, O. T. 1894. North American bows, arrows, and quivers.
- Munson, P. J. 1981. Contributions to Osage and Lakota ethnobotany.
- Smith, H. I. 1927. Materia medica of the Bella Coola and neighbouring tribes of British Columbia.
- Smith, H. H. 1923. Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians.
- Smith, H. H. 1928. Ethnobotany of the Meskwaki Indians.
- Smith, H. H. 1932. Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians.
- Smith, H. H. 1933. Ethnobotany of the Forest Potawatomi.
- Speck, F. G. 1941. A list of plant curatives obtained from the Houma Indians of Louisiana.
- Vestal, P. A. and R. E. Schultes. 1939. Economic botany of the Kiowa Indians.

Alkali fly / kootsabe.

For more Indigenous food uses, get my book, "Native Food Plants of Texas."

www.amazon.com/Native-Food-Plants-Texas-Indigenous/dp/B0FW7K4GXL

I also offer foraging walks in Texas, register on my website!

REFERENCES
- Essig, E.O. 1931. A history of entomology. The Macmillan Company, New York, NY.
- Essig, E.O. 1934. The value of insects to the California Indians. Scientific Monthly 38(2):181-186.
- McGlashan, C.F. 1940. History of the Donner party: a tragedy of the Sierra. Stanford University Press, Stanford, CA.