Inpharmus

Cytokine storm is a hyperinflammatory syndrome characterized by excessive cytokine release and systemicimmune activation that may progress to multiorgan dysfunction.

Clinically, it is associated with high fever, hypotension, hypoxemia, and laboratory abnormalities including elevated C-reactive protein and ferritin, cytopenias, hypertriglyceridemia, increased D-dimer levels, and markedly elevatedcirculating cytokines such as interleukin-6, interferon-γ–related chemokines, interleukin-10, and soluble interleukin-2 receptor alpha.

In infection-associated hyperinflammatory states, endothelial dysfunction, increased vascular permeability, microvascularthrombosis, and coagulopathy have been described as contributing mechanisms in severe disease.

Cytokine storm can occur in diverse clinical contexts, including severe infections and immune-based therapies such as CAR-T cell therapy, where rapid immune cell activation is associated with high systemic cytokine levels.

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