E.B. ESL Online Tutorial Studio

✔️✔️What is an adjective?
Adjectives are words that describe the qualities or states of being of nouns: enormous, doglike, silly, yellow, fun, fast. They can also describe the quantity of nouns: many, few, millions, eleven.

✔️Adjectives modify nouns
👉👉Most students learn that adjectives are words that modify (describe) nouns. Adjectives do not modify verbs or adverbs or other adjectives.
👉Margot wore a beautiful hat to the pie-eating contest.
👉👉But adjectives can do more than just modify nouns. They can also act as a complement to linking verbs or the verb to be. A linking verb is a verb like to feel, to seem, or to taste that describes a state of being or a sensory experience.
👉That cow sure is happy.
👉It smells gross in the locker room.

✔️✔️Uses of adjectives
✔️Adjectives tell the reader how much—or how many—of something you’re talking about, which thing you want to be passed to you, or which kind of something you want.
👉Please use three white flowers in the arrangement.
✍🏻Three and white are modifying flowers.

Often, when adjectives are used together, you should separate them with a comma or conjunction. See “Coordinate Adjectives” below for more detail.
👉I’m looking for a small, good-tempered dog to keep as a pet.

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In order to punctuate sentences correctly and avoid fragments, we need to know the difference between
two kinds of word groups: phrases and clauses.😊
We can see the difference in the following two groups of words:
1. the bus to Eastmont Mall
2. the bus goes to Eastmont Mall

✔️In the second group of words, we can identify a subject-verb unit, while in the first we cannot.

✔️To find the subject-verb units in sentences, follow these two steps:
1. First find the verb by applying the time test: change the time or tense of the sentence; the word
you change is the verb.
In number 2, we can change
👉🏼 The bus goesto Eastmont Mall.
👉🏼to: The bus went to Eastmont Mall. (yesterday)
👉🏼 or: The bus will go to Eastmont Mall. (tomorrow)

✔️When we change the time, we have to change goes to went or to will go, so to go is the verb.
2. To find the subject, ask "Who or what does the action of the verb?” What “goes?” The answer is
the bus, so the bus is the subject of the verb.
(Alternatively, one can ask what is the first noun in the sentence, and that is almost always going to
be the subject of the sentence.)

✔️DEFINITION OF CLAUSE AND PHRASE:
✔️A clause is a group of words with a subject-verb unit; the 2nd group of words contains the
subject-verb unit the bus goes, so it is a clause.
✔️ A phrase is a group of words without a subject-verb unit. If we try to change the time or tense of the last group of words, we cannot, because it contains no word that changes to show time or
tense. It has no verb, so it can't have a subject-verb unit. It is a phrase.

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Have you ever had difficulties knowing when to use either and neither? How about nor and or? When you learn English, it helps to know little grammar tricks that help you tell the difference between words like these.😊

👉🏻Either and neither can be used in several ways: adverbs, determiners, pronouns, and conjunctions.

👉🏻ADVERBS
✔️When we find them behaving like adverbs, both either and neither become linking words.
> I don't like spinach. - Neither do I.
> I don't like mushrooms. - No, I don't like them either.
👉🏻DETERMINERS
✔️In the case of determiners, either and neither are positioned before the noun.
> The house has a door at either end.
> Neither journalist could finish their articles; there wasn't enough time.
👉🏻PRONOUNS
✔️either/neither followed by of + noun phrase
✔️When they act as pronouns either means 'one or the other' while neither indicates 'not one or the other'
> Both these roads go to Rome; you can go either way.
> Neither of my arms is strong enough to lift that suitcase.
👉🏻CONJUNCTION
In all the cases in which we find "either" and "neither" as conjunctions, we also find them combined with "or" and "nor".
✔️either/or - They are used together to offer a choice between two things
> You can either call me at home or at the office.
> Either mum or dad will come to pick you up.
✔️neither/nor - When they're paired up they negate both parts of a statement.
> Neither the blue one nor the red is available in size 4.
> I will neither call you nor send you a message before midnight.

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