COMMED

Our year 4 medical students having hands-on field experience on Aedes search & destroy activities in dengue prevention. Thanks to Dr Artika and Br Syazwan, members of the department and also member of our special project, code-named DENV-0 (Dengue Empowerment and Volunteerism: towards Zero Dengue) for accompanying the students.

It has been a while since anyone updated this page. I would like to refresh this Page with a topic on Repeated measures ANOVA using answers from ChatGPT

Prompt: Explain the different type of repeated measures anova available. Highlight their key differences.

Repeated Measures ANOVA is a statistical technique used to analyze data where the same individuals are measured multiple times. It is often used in experimental and clinical research to examine the effects of an intervention or treatment over time or under different conditions. There are several types of repeated measures ANOVA available, each with its own unique features:

1. One-Way Repeated Measures ANOVA: This type of ANOVA is used when there is only one independent variable, and each participant is measured multiple times under different levels or conditions of the independent variable. For example, if a study measures the effect of a drug at different time points, the time points would be the levels of the independent variable.

2. Two-Way Repeated Measures ANOVA: This type of ANOVA is used when there are two independent variables, and each participant is measured multiple times under different levels or conditions of both independent variables. For example, if a study measures the effect of a drug and a psychological intervention on a particular outcome variable, then the drug and the psychological intervention would be the two independent variables.

3. Mixed Design Repeated Measures ANOVA: This type of ANOVA is used when there are both within-subjects and between-subjects factors. For example, if a study measures the effect of a drug on a particular outcome variable, with some participants receiving the drug and others receiving a placebo, then the drug would be the between-subjects factor, and the time points at which the outcome variable is measured would be the within-subjects factor.

The key differences between these types of repeated measures ANOVA lie in the number of independent variables and the way they are measured. One-Way Repeated Measures ANOVA involves only one independent variable, while Two-Way Repeated Measures ANOVA involves two independent variables. Mixed Design Repeated Measures ANOVA involves both within-subjects and between-subjects factors. Therefore, the choice of which type of repeated measures ANOVA to use depends on the specific research question and the nature of the data being analyzed.

Prompt: Explain the above answer using nested versus crossed factorial terminology.

The terms "nested" and "crossed" refer to the way in which the levels of the independent variables are organized in a factorial design.

In a crossed design, each level of one independent variable is paired with every level of the other independent variable. For example, if we have two independent variables, A and B, each with three levels, a crossed design would involve measuring each participant in all nine possible conditions (A1B1, A1B2, A1B3, A2B1, A2B2, A2B3, A3B1, A3B2, A3B3).

In a nested design, the levels of one independent variable are nested within the levels of the other independent variable. For example, if we have two independent variables, A and B, where A has two levels and B has three levels, a nested design might involve measuring participants in all three levels of B, but only in one level of A (B1A1, B2A1, B3A1, B1A2, B2A2, B3A2).

Using this terminology, we can see that the One-Way Repeated Measures ANOVA is a nested design, because each level of the independent variable is nested within each participant. The Two-Way Repeated Measures ANOVA is a crossed design because each level of each independent variable is crossed with each level of the other independent variable. And the Mixed Design Repeated Measures ANOVA is a combination of nested and crossed designs, as it involves both within- and between-subjects factors.

It is important to consider the organization of the levels of the independent variables when selecting an appropriate ANOVA model, as this will affect the way in which the sources of variation are accounted for in the analysis.

It has been a while since COMMED post anything on this page.

So today I would like to share a good link for someone to understand the difference between simple linear regression and not-so-simple, or linear mixed/multi-level regression.

For those who don’t like math equations, just read up to the Background, even though I wonder what happened to your A++ in math and add math during SPM last time. 😅

More important than all that, look beyond all the equations and numbers.

Why do we need to use multi-level or mixed effects models rather than a simple linear regression in our analysis?

Enjoy

Jamal

Introduction to Linear Mixed Models Introduction to Linear Mixed Models This page briefly introduces linear mixed models LMMs as a method for analyzing data that are non independent, multilevel/hierarchical, longitudinal, or correlated. We focus on the general concepts and interpretation of LMMS, with less time spent on the theory and...

miro.medium.com

Career Pathway as Public Health Physician/Spwcialist (Pakar Kesihatan Awam) in Malaysia

Before I start, the most important term that need a clear definition is the term Specialist/Pakar.

At the moment, by law, there are two ways you can become a specialist:

1) Registered as Public Health Specialist in National Specialist Register (https://www.nsr.org.my/home.html) or

2) Gazetted as Specialist by DG of Health. The second option is limited to MOH staff. However, soon, only the first option will remain.

To be a PKA, you must have the required academic qualifications. There are a long list of recognised qualifications but I am not able to share them here. In Malaysia, you can do MPH&DrPH (1+3 postgraduate programme). Almost all Universities which offer the programme, offer the recognised degree. I am not going to tell you the alternative pathway here. It is still being deliberated.

So how to enrol into MPH&DrPH?

1. Two options, you want to serve in MOH or in University.

2. If you are in MOH, first, inform your superior (Medical Officer of Health if you are at PKD, or even the Deputy Director of Health if you are at the State Health Department) that you are interested to become a PKA.

3. You are then need to enrol into Latihan Pra Kepakaran Perubatan Kesihatan Awam (https://moh.gov.my/moh/resources/Penerbitan/Rujukan/BUKU%20LOG%20PRA%20PAKAR.pdf)

4. You have to complete the logbook and then must apply to Bahagian Kesihatan Awam through your boss. Infact, I hope my info here is correct. If not, please contact BKA.

5. You will also need to sit for Medical Specialist Pre-entrance Examination (Medex) (http://apps.mpm.edu.my/medex/public/register). You must get a certain band to be considered for the next phase, ie. the interview.

6. Basically as MOH staff, MOH must be willing to sponsor your study, so MOH will decide based on the log book and the exam result whether you can be sponsored or not.

7. If you pass the interview, you will be given the sponsorship. However you need to get further info in term of what type of scholarship you will be offered.

8. Register the programme with the University determined by Public Health Specialty Committee (previously known as Conjoint Committee) and make sure you pass both MPH and DrPH. You must get 3.0 - 3.2 CGPA in MPH depending on which University you want to do your DrPH.

9. If you want to join University as a lecturer, the process to enrol into the post grad study is easier. Just get yourself appointed as trainee lecturer first. Then the University will let you know what to do or where to go. Usually do your study in the same University. Some University may still require that you sit for Medex and pass the interview, but some might not. Do you homework. However be warned, to get a trainee post is not easy. And the most important thing, you must love teaching and doing research. If not, do not waste your time and our time. My advise, start publishing papers when you are still an MO or M&HO. At least you can prove that you have the publishing skill.

Welcome to NSR Effective 1st August 2019, all payments to Malaysian Medical Council must be made electronically through either debit card, credit card or online banking/transfer ONLY.