EASEL CLASSES
16/05/2022
SDR:-
The Special Drawing Right (SDR) is an interest-bearing international reserve asset created by the IMF in 1969 to supplement other reserve assets of member countries.
The value of the SDR is based on a basket of five currencies—the U.S. dollar, the euro, the Chinese renminbi, the Japanese yen, and the British pound sterling.
Earlier the weight of the 5 currencies in SDR basket was:
1 SDR = 0.417 US Dollar + 0.309 Euro + 0.109 Yuan + 0.083 Yen + 0.081 Pound
Now, IMF has revised the weights of various currencies in the SDR basket based on trade and financial market developments. Basically if a country's trade volume increases and it reforms its financial markets like allowing convertibility of currency and removing other restrictions then IMF increases the weights. As per the new weights:
1 SDR = 0.434 US dollar + 0.293 Euro + 0.123 Yuan + 0.076 Yen + 0.074 Pound
So, the weight of US dollar and RMB (Yuan) increased as per the revision.
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27/02/2022
RBI
RBI acts as Debt manager for Central Govt. and State Govt. as per the RBI Act 1934 and as per the Monetary Policy Framework Agreement, RBI needs to keep inflation at 4% +/-2% and RBI also regulates banks. These functions (inflation control, regulation of banks) and debt manager handled by a single agency (RBI) creates conflict of interest in the following ways:
1) Acting as a debt manager RBI needs to arrange debt for the Govt. at a lesser interest rate. But when RBI keeps the interest rate (repo rate) low, it automatically creates an inflationary bias in monetary policy. Inflationary bias means even if the inflation target of 4% can deviate +2% or -2%...you will generally see it on higher side.
2) To raise debt at lesser interest rate for the Govt., RBI forces banks (as a banking regulator) to purchase Govt. securities in large volume (increasing the SLR limit). If RBI will not ask banks to keep govt. bonds then banks can purchase other securities which may give them higher return. This also leads to not letting the corporate bond market develop because of absence of a benchmark sovereign yield. (for corporate bonds, the sovereign yields act as benchmark). Forcing some particular players (banks) to purchase large volume of govt. securities does not allow better price discovery (interest/yield) on govt. bonds.
3) When banks are holding a lot of govt. bonds then RBI will be unwilling to raise interest rate (repo) to control inflation as raising the interest rate will lead to fall in bond prices thus creating losses for banks who are holding govt. securities.
When Govt. debt and borrowings are increasing (Gross fiscal deficit of Centre and States combined for next budget is more than 10% of GDP) and General Debt has crossed 90% of GDP), then separating the 'Public Debt Management' function from RBI becomes more important. Rest everything you can understand on your own, the article is very good so read it thoroughly.
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