MBBS study

👁️ TREMBLING IRIS (IRIDODONESIS) — High-Yield Ophthalmology Review

Iridodonesis, also known as trembling iris, refers to tremulous or shaking movement of the iris due to lack of lens support. It is commonly seen in lens subluxation, lens dislocation, or aphakia.

📌 Causes:

🔹 Lens Subluxation / Dislocation: ✔ Marfan syndrome
✔ Homocystinuria
✔ Trauma

🔹 Aphakia: ✔ Absence of lens after surgery or trauma

⚙️ Pathophysiology: 👁️ Normally the lens supports the iris
⚠️ Loss of support causes the iris to tremble with eye movement

🩺 Clinical Features: ✔ Trembling iris on eye movement
✔ Blurred vision
✔ Visual instability
✔ Signs of lens displacement

🔗 Associated Conditions: ✔ Ectopia lentis
✔ Marfan syndrome
✔ Hyper-mature cataract
✔ Trauma

🔬 Diagnosis: 🩺 Slit-lamp examination
🩺 Ocular examination for lens position

⚠️ Complications: 🚨 Glaucoma
🚨 Retinal detachment
🚨 Severe visual impairment

💉 Treatment: ✔ Treat underlying cause
✔ Lens repositioning or removal if needed
✔ Correct refractive error

🎯 High-Yield Points: ✔ Also called iridodonesis
✔ Seen in aphakia & lens subluxation
✔ Due to lack of lens support
✔ Common in Marfan syndrome

Perfect for NEET PG, INICET, FMGE, USMLE & Ophthalmology revision.

⚠️ DISCLAIMER ⚠️
This content is created strictly for educational and informational purposes only and is intended for medical students, healthcare professionals, and exam preparation. It should not be considered a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Always consult a qualified healthcare professional for medical concerns or emergencies. MBBSSTUDY is not responsible for misuse or misinterpretation of the information provided. Medical guidelines may change over time, so always verify with updated clinical resources and standard textbooks.

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🩺 SPLENOMEGALY — High-Yield Clinical Review

Splenomegaly refers to enlargement of the spleen beyond its normal size. The spleen plays an important role in immune function, filtration of abnormal blood cells, and platelet storage.

📌 Functions of the Spleen: ✔ Filters abnormal RBCs
✔ Immune defense
✔ Platelet storage
✔ Removes old blood cells

⚠ Common Causes:

🦠 Infectious Causes: ✔ Malaria
✔ Infectious mononucleosis
✔ Tuberculosis
✔ Kala-azar

🩸 Hematological Causes: ✔ Hemolytic anemia
✔ Leukemia
✔ Lymphoma
✔ Thalassemia

🫀 Congestive Causes: ✔ Portal hypertension
✔ Liver cirrhosis
✔ Heart failure

⚡ Inflammatory/Storage Disorders: ✔ Sarcoidosis
✔ Gaucher disease
✔ Amyloidosis

🩺 Clinical Features: ⚠ Left upper quadrant abdominal pain
⚠ Early satiety
⚠ Abdominal fullness
⚠ Fever
⚠ Weight loss
⚠ Symptoms of anemia

🔬 Examination Findings: ✔ Palpable spleen below left costal margin
✔ Spleen moves with respiration
✔ Splenic notch may be felt

🚨 Complications: ⚠ Hypersplenism
⚠ Splenic rupture
⚠ Cytopenias
⚠ Increased infection risk after splenectomy

🧪 Diagnosis: ✔ CBC & peripheral smear
✔ Liver function tests
✔ Ultrasound abdomen
✔ CT scan abdomen

💉 Treatment: ✔ Treat underlying cause
✔ Blood transfusion if needed
✔ Splenectomy in selected cases

🎯 High-Yield Points: ✔ Massive splenomegaly seen in CML, malaria & kala-azar
✔ Spleen moves with respiration
✔ Hypersplenism causes pancytopenia
✔ Ultrasound is the initial imaging modality

Perfect for NEET PG, INICET, FMGE, USMLE & Internal Medicine revision.

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Disclaimer: This content is for educational purposes only.

If any misprint, please comment below.