JK StudyPulse

IODINE
• Iodine is a → Essential mineral
• Main function → Thyroid hormone production
• Thyroid hormones → T3 (Triiodothyronine) and T4 (Thyroxine)
• Iodine deficiency causes → Goitre
• Severe deficiency in fetus/child may cause → Cretinism
• Source of iodine → Iodized salt
• Other sources → Seafood / dairy / eggs
• Iodine is important for → Growth and brain development
• Deficiency may cause → Hypothyroidism
• Thyroid gland is located in → Neck
• Excess iodine may also affect → Thyroid function
• Common prevention of deficiency → Iodized salt use

MEMORY
• Memory is the → Ability to store and recall information
• Short-term memory duration → Seconds to minutes
• Long-term memory duration → Days to lifetime
• Memory center of brain → Hippocampus
• Temporary memory is called → Short-term memory
• Loss of memory → Amnesia
• Severe memory disorder → Dementia
• Age-related memory decline may occur in → Elderly
• Vitamin deficiency affecting memory → Vitamin B12 deficiency
• Brain disease affecting memory → Alzheimer’s disease
• Memory helps in → Learning and recall
• Forgetfulness may worsen with → Stress / sleep deprivation

BABY
• Newborn baby is called → Neonate
• Neonatal period → First 28 days
• Normal birth weight → 2.5–4 kg
• First milk for baby → Colostrum
• Colostrum is rich in → Antibodies
• First stool of newborn → Meconium
• Soft spot on baby head → Fontanelle
• Normal newborn heart rate → 120–160/min
• Normal newborn breathing rate → 30–60/min
• Baby born before 37 weeks → Premature baby
• Full-term baby → 37–42 weeks
• Yellow skin in newborn → Neonatal jaundice
• Common vaccines at birth → BCG / OPV / Hepatitis B

TETANY
• Tetany is a → Condition of involuntary muscle spasms/cramps
• Common cause → Low calcium level (Hypocalcemia)
• Classic symptom → Muscle twitching / painful spasms
• Hand spasm posture → Carpopedal spasm
• Facial nerve sign → Chvostek’s sign
• BP cuff-induced hand spasm → Trousseau’s sign
• May occur in → Vitamin D deficiency
• Severe tetany may affect → Breathing muscles
• Related electrolyte issue → Low magnesium (sometimes)
• Tetany is different from → Tetanus
• Emergency severe case needs → Medical attention
• Common exam association → Calcium deficiency

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