Community for Public Health

📷 .guptaanju181
Domestic violence is a major contributor to the ill health of women. It has serious consequences on women's mental and physical health, including their reproductive and s*xual health. These include injuries, gynecological problems, temporary or permanent disabilities, depression and su***de, amongst others.
violence Health and socioeconomic consequences
1. All groups subjected to violence
Physical injuries Mental health problems (e.g. depression, anxiety, post-traumatic stress disorders)
• Su***de
• Risk of no communicable diseases.
• Health-harming behaviors (e.g. alcohol and drug use, smoking, self-harm and risky s*xual
behavior)
• Productivity
• Human and economic costs for survivors, families and society
2. Women and Girls
a. Intimate partner violence
Sexual and reproductive health problems, including unwanted pregnancies, STI and HIV, pregnancy
loss, including miscarriages and induced abortions, low birth-weight babies, pre-term births,
traumatic gynecological fistula, chronic pain syndrome
• Induced abortion
• s*xually transmitted infection (STI) and HIV
• 41% pre-term birth
• 16% low birth-weight babies
• Infant mortality
• Children with developmental and behavioral problems
b. Female ge***al mutilation (FGM)
• Obstructed labor and perinatal mortality
• Infections
• Cysts and abscesses
• Fistula
• Psychological and mental health
problems
• Sexual dysfunction
c. Early marriage
• Early pregnancy and risk of perinatal and maternal mortality and morbidity
• Girls’ access to education, livelihood skills
• Social isolation
3. Children, including adolescents
• Health-harming behaviors
• Mental and other health problems
• Educational attainment and future employment prospects
• Intergenerational perpetuation of cycle of violence, i.e.
• likelihood of girls later being subjected to intimate partner violence or s*xual exploitation and
trafficking
• Likelihood of boys becoming perpetrators or being subjected to violence later in life
• Youth violence involvement over time in other forms of violence as victims and perpetrators.

📷 .guptaanju181
There are several symptoms of HIV. Not everyone will have the same symptoms. It depends on the person and what stage of the disease they are in. Below are the three stages of HIV and some of the symptoms people may experience.
Stage 1: Acute HIV Infection
Within 2 to 4 weeks after infection with HIV, about two-thirds of people will have a flu-like illness. This is the body’s natural response to HIV infection.
Flu-like symptoms can include:
• Fever
• Chills
• Rash
• Night sweats
• Muscle aches
• Sore throat
• Fatigue
• Swollen lymph nodes
• Mouth ulcers
These symptoms can last anywhere from a few days to several weeks. But some people do not have any symptoms at all during this early stage of HIV.
Stage 2: Clinical Latency
In this stage, the virus still multiplies, but at very low levels. People in this stage may not feel sick or have any symptoms. This stage is also called chronic HIV infection.
Stage 3: AIDS
If you have HIV and you are not on HIV treatment, eventually the virus will weaken your body’s immune system and you will progress to AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome). This is the late stage of HIV infection.
Symptoms of AIDS can include:
• Rapid weight loss
• Recurring fever or profuse night sweats
• Extreme and unexplained tiredness
• Prolonged swelling of the lymph glands in the armpits, groin, or neck
• Diarrhea that lasts for more than a week
• Sores of the mouth, a**s, or ge***als
• Pneumonia
• Red, brown, pink, or purplish blotches on or under the skin or inside the mouth, nose, or eyelids
• Memory loss, depression, and other neurologic disorders

📷
HIV is the most common disease in todays worlds which can be transmitted from one person to another. There are various methods in which HIV transmission is possible. Spreading awareness about transmission of HIV can prevent and protect people from getting the disease.
1.Through unprotected s*xual in*******se- Spreading of HIV is highly likely through unprotected s*xual in*******se with a person who is already HIV positive.
2. Transmission of HIV from mother to baby- HIV is transmiited from mother to child during pregnancy, birth or breastfeeding which is also call perinatal transmission. But the chances of spreading hiv from mother to child has become quite low.
3. Transmission due to used needles,syringes or through other drug injection equipments- In hospitals, by sharing used needles, syringes or other equipment which has been used for hiv positive patient should be disposed off after used and should not be used for other patients so that transmission can be avoided.
4. Tattoos and body piercing - There are more chances of getting HIV by tattoos and body piercing techniques if the equipment used for the procedure has someone else blood or the ink is shared by someone who is hiv positive and can be a medium of transmission.
5.Biting-Transmission can occur when there is contact between broken skin, wounds or mucous membranes and blood or body fluids mixed with the blood of a person who has hiv.
6.Pre-chewed food- This type of transmission of infection is mostly possible in infants. Contamination takes place when blood from a caregiver's mouth mixes with the food that is prechewed before feeding to an infant.
7.Body fluids that transmits hiv- There are certain body fluids like semen,blood,preseminal fluid, re**al fluid,vaginal fluids and breastmilk have become the means of transmission.
8. Contaminated blood transfusions-Receiving blood transfusions,blood products or organ,tissue transplants that are contaminated by HIV positive patients.
9. Occupational transmission - Transmission between people who work in healthcare centres get unknowingly get infected if equipment isn't sterilised.