The Consummate Classes

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Class 9th...
Chapter 2 – Is matter around us pure

🌲A mixture contains more than one substance mixed in any proportion.
🌲A pure substance consists of a single type of particles.
🌲A solution has a solvent and a solute as its components.
🌱A Solution is a homogeneous mixture of two or more substances.
🌱Air is a homogeneous mixture and can be separated into its components.
🌱Brass is mixture of approximately 30% of zinc and 70% of copper
🌱By some separation techniques mixtures can be separated into pure substances
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🌱🌱Suspension is a heterogeneous mixture here the particles of a suspension can be seen by the naked eye

🌱🌱A colloid is also heterogeneous mixture but the size of particles of a colloid is too small to be individually seen by naked eyes

🌱🌱Collid do not settle down when left undisturbed.

🌱🌱The concentration of a solution is the amount of solute present in a given amount of solution, or the amount of solute dissolved in a given mass or volume of solvent.
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Separating the Components of a Mixture

🌱🌱The process of separation of components of a mixture is known as chromatography.

🌳SEPARATE A MIXTURE OF TWO MISCIBLE LIQUIDS
Distillation used for the separation of components of a mixture containing two miscible liquids that boil without decomposition and have sufficient difference in their boiling points.

SEPARATE DIFFERENT GASES FROM AIR
Air is a homogeneous mixture and can be separated into its components by fractional distillation.

🌳🌳 PURE SUBSTANCES AND MIXTURES


Elements or compounds just mix together to form a mixture and no new compound is formed.

🌴A mixture has a variable composition
🌴Elements react to form new compounds.
🌴The composition of each new substance is always fixed.
🌴Elements cannot be broken down into simpler substances.
Sugar, water, methane and salt are some of the examples of compounds
Properties of a compound are different from its constituent elements

Class 9th...
Chemistry...
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Chapter 1 – Matter in our surroundings

Physical Nature of Matter

🕳Everything in this universe is made up of material which scientists have named “matter”.

The air we breathe, the food we eat, stones, clouds, plants and animals, even a small drop of water or a particle of sand everything is matter.

🕳Matters have both mass and volume.
Early Indian philosophers classified matter in the form of five basic elements – the “Panch Tatva”, air, earth, fire, sky and water.

🕳 According to them everything, living or nonliving, was made up of these five basic elements.

🕳Matter around us exists in three different states Solid, Liquid and Gas.

💣Characteristics of Particles of Matter:

PARTICLES OF MATTER HAVE SPACE BETWEEN THEM

PARTICLES OF MATTER ARE CONTINUOUSLY MOVING

🕳Particles of matter are continuously moving, that is, they possess what we call the kinetic energy.
As the temperature rises, particles move faster.
So, with increase in temperature the kinetic energy of the particles also increases.

🕳PARTICLES OF MATTER ATTRACT EACH OTHER

Particles of matter have force acting between them. This force keeps the particles together.
The strength of this force of attraction varies from one kind of matter to another.

🕳🕳States of Matter

These states of matter arise due to the variation in the characteristics of the particles of matter.

On increasing the temperature of solids, the kinetic energy of the particles increases.

🕳The temperature at which a solid melts to become a liquid at the atmospheric pressure is called its melting point.

The melting point of a solid is an indication of the strength of the force of attraction between its particles.

The process of melting, that is, change of solid state into liquid state is also known as fusion.

🕳A change of state directly from solid to gas without changing into liquid state (or vice versa) is called
Sublimation

🕳Applying pressure and reducing temperature can liquefy gases.

🕳Pressure and temperature determine the state of a substance, whether it will be solid, liquid or gas.
Evaporation

🕳Boiling is a bulk phenomenon.
Particles from the bulk (whole) of the liquid change into vapour state.
Phenomenon of change of a liquid into vapours at any temperature below its boiling point is called evaporation.

🕳Evaporation is a surface phenomenon If the surface area is increased, the rate of evaporation increases.
With the increase of temperature, more number of particles get enough kinetic energy to go into the vapour state.

🕳Humidity is the amount of water vapour present in air.
If the amount of water in air is already high, the rate of evaporation decreases.

🕳Now scientists are talking of five states of matter: Solid, Liquid, Gas, Plasma and Bose-Einstein Condensate.

🕳Plasma: The state consists of super energetic and super excited particles. These particles are in the form of ionised gases

🕳Bose-Einstein Condensate:
The BEC is formed by cooling a gas of extremely low density, about one-hundred-thousandth the density of normal air, to super low temperatures.

Class 9th...
Science..
The matter in our surroundings....