Rajesh bhadauria

FROM FRONTLINE for civil services aspirants
If the outcome of the Lima climate summit is any indication, in all likelihood the Paris agreement in December 2015 will be a weak and seriously compromised one that will lead to a 3° C temperature rise by the turn of the century, with developing countries bearing the brunt of the effects of severe climate change. By R. RAMACHANDRAN
THE 20th Conference of the Parties (COP 20) to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), held during December 1-12, 2014, in the Peruvian capital of Lima, not unexpectedly delivered precious little in terms of safeguarding the world from the disastrous consequences of severe climate change. The Lima climate summit was expected to come out with the basic architecture for a globally binding agreement to tackle climate change to be arrived at COP 21 in December 2015 in Paris.
The main aim of this agreement —which will be a “protocol, another legal instrument or an agreed outcome with legal force under the Convention applicable to all Parties”, to quote the strange phraseology used by the decision of COP 17 (2011) in Durban—is to limit carbon emissions from all countries so as to prevent the globe from breaching the guardrail temperature increase of 2° Celsius by the turn of the century, a limit arrived at in the Cancun summit in 2010. If there was any misplaced hope at all that Lima would come up with a satisfactory legal structure to achieve this goal, it was belied. According to the mandate of the Ad Hoc Working Group on the Durban Platform for Enhanced Action (ADP), which is entrusted with the task of arriving at the new agreement, the Paris Accord will enter into force in 2020.
The phrase “another legal instrument” (italicised above) is a reference to the only binding international treaty that has hitherto been in place, that is, the Kyoto Protocol. It was formulated in 1997 and it entered into force in 2005, and its architecture is based firmly on the fundamental tenets of the UNFCCC, namely:
“The largest share of historical and current global emissions of greenhouse gases [GHGs] has originated in developed countries, that per capita emissions in developing countries are still relatively low and that the share of global emissions originating in developing countries will grow to meet their social and development needs” (in the preamble); and
“The Parties should protect the climate system for the benefit of present and future generations of humankind, on the basis of equity and in accordance with their common but differentiated responsibilities and respective capabilities (CBDR-RC). Accordingly, the developed country Parties should take the lead in combating climate change and the adverse effects thereof.” (Article 3.1)*****
you people are sought to find solutions of following questions----
1-where the cop-20 is running ?
2-which are GHGs ?
3-what is UNFCCC ?
4-how much our home/planet has warmed up ?
5- what is this "another legal instrument" ?
6- what is kyoto-protocol ?
*** wait for answers---