VHTC

Chapter 15: Communication Systems

Elements of communication systems (transmitter, channel, receiver).
Amplitude Modulation (AM) and Frequency Modulation (FM).
Propagation of electromagnetic waves (ground wave, sky wave, space wave).
Role of satellites in communication and fiber optics.

Chapter 12: Atoms

Rutherford’s alpha particle scattering experiment.
Bohr’s atomic model and energy levels.
Spectral lines and hydrogen spectrum.

Chapter 11: Dual Nature of Radiation and Matter

Photoelectric effect and Einstein’s explanation.
Wave-particle duality.
De Broglie hypothesis and matter waves.

Chapter 9: Ray Optics and Optical Instruments

Reflection, refraction, and lens formula.
Total Internal Reflection and its applications (optical fibers).
Working of microscopes and telescopes.

Chapter 8: Electromagnetic Waves

Maxwell’s equations and wave propagation.
Properties and applications of electromagnetic waves.
Electromagnetic spectrum and its significance.

Chapter 6: Electromagnetic Induction

Faraday’s and Lenz’s Laws.
Eddy currents and their applications.
Mutual and self-inductance.