WDC

Strawberry Radiological sign

Strawberry gallbladder
Strawberry gallbladder refers to the surface appearance (not shape) of the mucosa of the gallbladder due to multiple small collections of triglycerides and cholesterol esters within the lamina propria of the gallbladder wall (gallbladder wall cholesterolosis).

Strawberry gallbladder represents diffuse cholesterolosis and is a common, idiopathic, non-neoplastic condition.

Strawberry cervix
A strawberry cervix is a finding upon examination where the cervix has a punctate and papilliform appearance. It is named because of the superficial appearance to a strawberry.

As opposed to a more general inflammation of the cervix found in cervicitis, the strawberry cervix is considered to be selectively associated with Trichomonas infections

strawberry tongue A characteristic enanthema of the tongue, characterized by hypertrophy of the fungiform papillae, accompanied by changes of the filiform papillae in a bright red background; an ST is classically seen in scarlet fever, but also occurs in Kawasaki's disease–mucocutaneous lymph node syndrome,

Dacryocystography

Dacryocystography involves the radiographic visualization of the lacrimal sacs and associated structures after injection of a contrast medium.
Indication
To determine the patency of the lacrimal drainage system
Procedure
Explain the procedure to the patient and gain consent
Wash your hands
Put on gloves
Place patient in supine position
Instil a drop of topical anesthetic into palpebral apertures of both eyes.
A control film is taken after intubation of bboth lower punctum with Portex intravenous cannulae, size 27G
Inject 1-2ml of Lipiodol into both lacrimal systems
Take a series of macroradiographs
Place patient in upright postion for 5 minutes
Take another erect oblique radiograph
The injection into the canaliculus is made with a polyethylene catheter, which facilitates the procedure and seems to avoid damage to the lacrimal system. The contrast medium is injected under fluoroscopic control. A water-soluble material is used and observed with the fluoroscope. Whenever necessary or indicated, pictures are taken.

The monograph consists mainly of a series of dacryocystograms, which are complemented by excellent black-and-white sketches explaining the main features of the photograph. After many examples of normal dacryocystograms, the various obstructions, congenital anomalies, and traumatic changes are discussed and illustrated.

This is a most useful book for anybody who uses dacryocystography for the evaluation of pathologic changes in the excretory lacrimal system. Many ophthalmologists will object that the injection of this material does

MR Dacryocystography: Comparison with Dacryocystography and CT Dacryocystography

Several techniques have been used to image the nasolacrimal system, providing functional (dacryoscintigraphy) or morphologic (dacryocystography, CT dacryocystography [CTD]) information. Using gadopentetate dimeglumine–diluted solution injected into the lacrimal canaliculus or instilled into the conjunctival sac, we compared the sensitivity of MR dacryocystography (MRD) with that of CTD.

Kleine Levin Syndrome

Kleine-Levin syndrome is a rare sleep disorder that mainly affects adolescents and is characterised by relapsing-remitting episodes of severe hypersomnia, cognitive impairment, apathy, derealisation, and psychiatric and behavioural disturbance
Possible causes are:
Circadian rhythm (sleep cycle) dysfunction
Disturbances in thalamus, temporal lobe and frontal lobe.
Dysfunction in the metabolism of serotonin and dopamine.
Multifocal, localized encephalopathy
Kleine-Levin syndrome may be confirmed based upon excessive sleep requirements (hypersomnolence); the desire to eat all available food (compulsive hyperphagia); and hypersexuality. Certain medical tests may be performed to rule out other conditions such as epilepsy, brain lesions, meningitis or encephalitis.

Galactography (Ductography

Galactography uses mammography and an injection of contrast material to create pictures of the inside of the breast’s milk ducts. It is most commonly used when a woman has experienced a bloody or clear discharge from the breast ni**le but has an otherwise normal mammogram. It’s important not to squeeze the ni**le prior to the exam as there may only be a small amount of fluid and it is necessary to see where it is coming from to perform the exam.

Galactography (Ductography)
Galactography is an x-ray examination that uses mammography, a low-dose x-ray system for examining breasts, and a contrast material to obtain pictures, called galactograms, of the inside of the breast's milk ducts.

An x-ray (radiograph) is a noninvasive medical test that helps physicians diagnose and treat medical conditions. Imaging with x-rays involves exposing a part of the body to a small dose of ionizing radiation to produce pictures of the inside of the body. X-rays are the oldest and most frequently used form of medical imaging.

The breast is composed primarily of three structures: fat, lobules (that make the milk) and milk ducts (that carry the milk from the lobule to the ni**le). While mammography, ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) are excellent ways to image the breast; they do not visualize the inside of the breast's milk ducts to the same degree as galactography.

What are some common uses of the procedure
The most common use of galactography is to evaluate a woman who has a bloody or clear discharge from her breast ni**le and an otherwise normal mammogram.

Galactography is typically NOT called for in women with the following conditions:

A discharge that is milky, blue-green, green, or gray is usually not a cause for concern, especially if it comes from multiple ducts in the breast.
A discharge that is from both breasts in a woman who has not had children may indicate a side effect from a drug, or may be related to a pituitary problem located in the brain.

Venogram

Venography (also called phlebography or ascending phlebography) is a procedure in which an x-ray of the veins, a venogram, is taken after a special dye is injected into the bone marrow or veins. The dye has to be injected constantly via a catheter, making it an invasive procedure. Normally the catheter is inserted by the groin and moved to the appropriate site by navigating through the vascular system.

Contrast venography is the gold standard for judging diagnostic imaging methods for deep venous thrombosis; although, because of its cost, invasiveness, and other limitations this test is rarely performed.

Venography can also be used to distinguish blood clots from obstructions in the veins, to evaluate congenital vein problems, to see how the deep leg vein valves are working, or to identify a vein for arterial bypass grafting.

Areas of the venous system that can be investigated include the lower extremities, the inferior vena cava, and the upper extremities.

A venogram is performed in the x-ray department or in an interventional radiology suite, sometimes called special procedures suite.

You will lie on an x-ray table. Depending on the body part being examined (e.g., the legs), the table may be situated to a standing position. If the table is repositioned during the procedure, you will be secured with safety straps.

The physician will insert a needle or catheter into a vein to inject the contrast agent. Where that needle is placed depends upon the area of your body where the veins are being evaluated. As the contrast material flows through the veins being examined, several x-rays are taken. You may be moved into different positions so that the x-rays can take pictures of your veins at different angles.