Thinking On Paper

Error mitigation corrects statistically after the computation. Fault tolerance corrects errors while the calculation is still running.

That distinction changes the scale of the machine. If errors are only handled after the fact, they can accumulate through the circuit. If they are corrected as the computation proceeds, the system can run much larger circuits.

Oliver Dial says that is the basis for the 20,000x jump IBM is targeting with Starling in 2029.

The US is lithium hungry and supply starving. It has one operating lithium mine.

Jennifer Dunn's research group has been studying what could happen next. In one analysis, they looked at 117 planned lithium mines in the US and what that expansion could mean for water stress, especially as the climate changes.

The clean energy transition needs lithium. But the geography of that supply doesn't always agree. Where the mines are built, how much water they require, and what happens in regions already under pressure? Yep.