Kusse Haile One Connection

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report finds that developing economies are now the most intensive users of industrial policy, contrary to common perception. Upper-middle-income countries allocate high levels of business subsidies (averaging 4.2% of GDP), while middle-income countries apply more targeted protection through higher and more varied tariffs. Additionally, low-income countries tend to prioritize a broader range of industries in their development strategies. Overall, the report highlights that industrial policy in the 21st century is more widespread, diversified, and strategically targeted in developing economies, supported by a wide set of policy tools and informed by growing empirical evidence.

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