KA PI

EXAMINATION CONCEPT

1a) Define Alcohol intoxication. (5%)
b) State five signs and symptoms of alcohol of intoxication. (15%)
c) Explain any five stages of alcohol intoxication. (20%)
d) Discuss management of alcohol intoxication. (50%)
e) Mention five complications of alcohol intoxication. (10%)

INSIGHT BY
DAVID THE RADICAL TUTOR

1a) Alcohol intoxication is a physiological state induced by the
consumption of alcohol characterized by slurred speech, vomiting,coma, among others.

b) Five signs and symptoms of alcohol intoxication
📌Slurred speech
📌Vomiting
📌Confusion
📌Stupor
📌Impaired balance

c) Five stages of alcohol intoxication
📌Sobriety or subclinical: The blood alcohol concentration(BAC) is at0.01-0.05 and during this stage an individual is unlikely to appear
intoxicated, even though some tests may detect impairment.
📌Euphoria: In this stage the blood alcohol concentration(BAC) is
between 0.03 and 0.12. During this stage, an individual may feelmore confident and more talkative. Not only that, inhibitions(a feeling that makes one self-conscious and unable to act in arelaxed and natural way) also begin to decline.
📌Excitement: In this stage the blood alcohol concentration(BAC) is
between 0.09 and 0.025 and an individual may begin to experience emotional instability, a lack of critical judgement and adelay in reaction time. Not only that, they may also start slurring their speech and also experience; impaired perception and memory, vision issues, loss of balance, drowsiness and nausea and vomiting.
📌Confusion: In this stage the blood alcohol concentration(BAC) is
between 0.18 to 0.30. During this stage an individual is disoriented, coordination is impaired such that the person may beunable to stand up. Not only that, the person may be dizzy.
📌Stupor: In this stage the blood alcohol concentration is between 0.25 and 0.40. During this stage an individual is extremely intoxicated, such that, they are unable to stand or walk, they are stuporous

PROTEIN ENERGY MALNUTRITION
✍️PEM stands for Protein Energy Malnutrition in pediatrics .
✅This occurs when a child's diet does not provide enough protein and energy for them to grow and develop properly.
✍️PEM can be caused by a variety of factors, including
- Diarrhea
- Malabsorption
- Illnesses that increase the body's energy needs
- Infections
- Poor diet
- Lack of breastfeeding
- Poverty
- Illiteracy
- Low birth weight
- Premature birth
- Multiple births
- Inadequate weaning
- Recurrent infections
- Vitamin and mineral deficiencies
- Poor sanitation and hygiene

✍️Symptoms of PEM include 👇
- Weight loss
- Muscle wasting
- Fatigue
- Weakness
- Hair loss
- Skin problems
- Poor appetite
- Diarrhea
- Vomiting
- Swelling of the feet, ankles, and hands
- Pale skin
- Slow growth and development
- Increased risk of infections
- Poor wound healing

✅Treatment for PEM usually involves addressing the underlying cause and providing adequate nutrition, including protein and energy supplements.
✍️ In severe cases, hospitalization may be necessary to provide intravenous fluids and nutrients.
✅Prevention is key, and this includes.
- Breastfeeding for at least six months
- Adequate nutrition during pregnancy and lactation
- Proper weaning and introduction of complementary foods
- Vitamin and mineral supplements as needed
- Good sanitation and hygiene practices
- Regular health check ups and monitoring of growth and development.
FOR WATSUP/CAL FOR ONLINE TUITIONS
0964603925

HAPPY NURSES DAY TO ALL THE NURSES

TREAT BUT JESUS HEALS

Scientists develop male Contraceptive which will prevent pregnancy

Scientists have reached a major milestone in the search for more birth control options for men. A new injectable contraceptive that lasts up to two years is now moving into Phase 2 human trials. This method is designed to be fully reversible and does not use any hormones.

The treatment works by placing a special gel inside the tubes that carry s***m. This gel acts like a filter that blocks s***m from passing through but lets other fluids move normally. Because it is not hormonal, it does not cause the mood swings or physical changes often linked to female birth control pills. It also removes the need for a daily pill or using protection every single time.

Early tests show the procedure is quick and simple for doctors to perform. Researchers are focusing heavily on making sure the process can be undone easily. In these trials, doctors will confirm that once the gel is dissolved or removed, a man’s fertility returns to normal.
If these trials are successful, it could change how families plan for the future. For a long time, most of the responsibility for birth control has fallen on women. This new technology offers a way for men to take a more active role in reproductive health with a reliable, long-term choice.

While the results are promising, the scientists involved say more testing is needed. The current trials will focus on the long-term safety of the gel and exactly how effective it is at preventing pregnancy over several months. If it passes these final hurdles, this injectable could become a common alternative to traditional methods within the next few years.

©️Zambia Reports, 7th May 2026

Calculating Mɛnstrual Cycle:

The Mɛnstrual cycle is the time between the first day of one period and the first day of the next. To calculate your Mɛnstrual cycle, follow these steps:

1. Track Your Pɛriod:

Mark the first day of your period on a calendar or in a period-tracking app.
Continue to mark each day you are mɛnstruating.

2. Calculate the Length of Your Cycle:

Count the number of days from the first day of your current period to the first day of your next period.
This is the length of your menstrual cycle.

Example:

If your pɛriod starts on January 1 and ends on January 5. Your next period starts on February 2.
Your menstrual cycle length is 33 days (February 2 - January 1). Average Cycle Length: The average Mɛnstrual cycle length is 28 days, but it can vary from person to person.

Regular vs. Irregular Cycles:

A regular cycle is one that is consistently within 7 days of the previous cycle.
An irregular cycle is one that varies by more than 7 days.

NURSES



DAVID KAFWIMBI KAPI
FOR ONLINE TUITIONS
0964603925

Tinea Infections (AKA........RINGWORMS!): What Parents Need to Know!

Does your child have a round, scaly rash on their skin or scalp? It could be a common fungal infection known as tinea, often referred to as ringworm. Despite the name, ringworm is not caused by worms, but by fungi that thrive on the skin. It is sometimes called ringworm because it can look like a red, scaly ring-shaped rash on the skin.

Here's a closer look at the common types of tinea we encounter in the clinic:

Tinea Capitis (Scalp): This infection affects the scalp, leading to dry, flaky patches, redness, or crusty sores. You may notice broken hairs or bald spots, and sometimes swollen lymph nodes in the neck.

Tinea Corporis (Body): The rash appears as red or purple-brown rings that are scaly at the edges with smoother centers. The rash can grow over time and often feels itchy.

💊 Treatment: Single patches on the body are usually treated with antifungal creams, whereas more extensive patches often require oral medications. Consistency is key—apply the cream for 2-3 weeks until the rash smooths out. Scalp infections need to be treated with antifungal medications taken by mouth for several weeks to months.

Is tinea contagious? Yes, tinea spreads through close contact, so take steps to avoid sharing items like combs, hairbrushes or ribbons, pillows, towels and hats.

If you are concerned that your child may have a tinea infection, please schedule an appointment with our paediatricians for assistance.

DAVID THE RADICAL NURSE
FOR MENTORSHIP CLASS WATSUP 0964603925