Spoken Science

Carl Sagan ; Cosmos ❤☮️🌎

Carl Sagan ; The Demon-Haunted World
❤☮️🌎

Citation: Translation of the original French, “Le savant n’est pas l’homme qui fournit les vraies réponses; c’est luis qui pose les vraies questions,” in Mythologiques, Vol. 1, Le Cru et le Cuit (1964), 15. As seen in various books, with no credit to a translator, for example, in What a Piece of Work is Man!: Camp's Unfamiliar Quotations (1989), 283. Also translated as “The scientific mind does not so much provide the right answers as ask the right questions.”

Claude Lévi-Strauss (28 Nov 1908 - 30 Oct 2009) was a social anthropologist who was a leading exponent of structuralism—the analysis of cultural systems (e.g., kinship and mythical systems) in terms of the structural relations among their elements. J⭐️

Source:
https://todayinsci.com/L/LeviStrauss_Claude/LeviStraussClaude-Quotations.htm

The Jupiter of scientists... Bold, Brilliant, and Beneficial :)

On February 15th 1564, a true champion of scientific thought was born.

GALILEO GALILEI was one of the major luminaries of the Scientific Revolution. His works spurred major intellectual development and scientific growth, efforts on his part which, owing to the dark parochial periods of the time, nonetheless dearly cost him. Despite his unrelenting attempts to pursue and convey the truths of the natural world divulged through his ingenious methods and tools of science, Galileo would spend the last years of his life bedridden, blind, and confined under house arrest. Not celebrated but, rather, accused of "heresy" by his benighted contemporaries.

Galileo's contributions to science span remarkable lengths. Today, he is described as one of the founding fathers of modern science. Indeed, he was among the first to highly advance our understanding of motion and physical bodies and to pioneer brilliant methods of empirical experimentation in regards to which his experiments uncovered great insights about accelerated motion and motion of projectiles. In his budding understanding, Galileo had broken away from the Aristotlean school of thought (e.g. the notion of heavier objects falling faster than lighter objects in free fall and the teleological conception of objects being "wont" to move in a straight line towards their "natural places") and developed the law of inertia. Those were momentous developments in the physical sciences and paved tentative steps for Newton's first law of motion. They paved the first steps for our formulation of the natural world in terms of mechanical mathematical principles rather than in terms of teleological notions of objects "striving to realise a purpose that is inherent in nature" and allowed us to look at the physical sciences in an empirical, scientific, and rational light. The mathematization of the physical sciences later accomplished by Sir Isaac Newton would be a quest started by Galileo.

But, as is well known, Galileo was also an ingenious astronomer. He is often described as "The Father of Observational Astronomy". He built his own telescopes to study the solar system, telescopes which were quite powerful that the Italian navy enlisted their use for navigation. On August 25th 1609, Galileo Galilei demonstrated his telescope to the Doge of Venice. Ground using his lenses, Galileo's telescope represented a remarkable improvement from earlier models in that it allowed 30 powers of magnification. Galileo used his telescope to make a number of revolutionary discoveries, chief among them was the discovery the four moons of Jupiter. The "Copernican system" Galileo observed when studying Jupiter clashed with geocentrism, a prevailing ideology of that era. The fact that satellites were found to be in orbit around Jupiter and not just the Earth lent it very little support. The observation by Galileo, further, of the eclipses of the moons of Jupiter led him to the idea that such a universal phenomenon could be employed to determine the longitude at sea, at the time a navigation problem of increasing importance. Galileo developed a chart cataloguing when the eclipses of the Jovian moons occurred. This could have then been used by sailors to calculate the difference between the times that the eclipses occurred at sea with the time they were supposed to occur at the home point.

Another discovery made by Galileo using his telescope were the phases of Venus. This discovery led him to the idea that Venus must lie between the Sun and the Earth and further lent more credence to the Copernican model. Galileo found that the Ptolemaic model of epicycles or "off-the-centre" rotating wheels posited to account for planetary motion and brightness failed to account for the phases of Venus that he observed. The gibbous phases were observed to be smaller than the crescent phases suggesting the gibbous phases occurred further away from the Earth whereas the crescent phases occurred closer to the Earth. The Ptolemaic model (the centre of Venus's epicycle fixed onto an imaginary line joining the Earth to the Sun) predicted that the phases of Venus would not get beyond a crescent phase, an idea discredited by Galileo's observations which demonstrated the existence of Venusian gibbous phases. The fact that Venus demonstrated the same phases of the moon also suggested that Venus shines by light reflected from the Sun.

Galileo also used his telescope to make observations of the lunar surface. In fact, he became the first person to observe the Moon's craters and mountains and further observed sunspots on the Sun. Galileo's study of the Sun led him to the finding that sunspots proceed with rapidity when they are near the centre of the sun’s disk and then slow down at the apparent edge of the disk, eventually perishing. This observation indicated that the Sun was a spinning ball orbited by the Earth at constant velocity.

The observations Galileo made pointed him to a very chaotic and imperfect universe, one which demoted the Earth from the centre of the Solar system and sparked his later conflicts with the bullies of the Catholic Church.

The great Joseph Fourier on the study of nature. Best known for initiating the investigation of Fourier series, which eventually developed into Fourier analysis and harmonic analysis, and their applications to problems of heat transfer and vibrations.