CSS Crash Course
27/02/2025
English Tenses Chart
General Political Terms /Vocabulary/CSS-PMS
1. **Democracy** - جمہوریت
(A system of government where power lies with the people.)
2. **Republic** - جمہوریہ
(A state where the head of the country is elected, not a monarch.)
3. **Constitution** - آئین
(The fundamental laws and principles that govern a country.)
4. **Legislation** - قانون سازی
(The process of making or enacting laws.)
5. **Executive** - انتظامیہ
(The branch of government responsible for implementing laws.)
6. **Legislature** - مقننہ
(The branch of government that makes laws, e.g., Parliament or Congress.)
7. **Judiciary** - عدلیہ
(The branch of government that interprets laws and administers justice.)
8. **Bureaucracy** - بیوروکریسی / نوکر شاہی
(The administrative system that manages government policies and programs.)
9. **Suffrage** - ووٹ کا حق
(The right to vote in elections.)
10. **Electorate** - انتخابی حلقہ
(The group of people who are eligible to vote.)
# # # Government and Elections
11. **Constituency** - حلقہ انتخاب
(A geographical area represented by an elected official.)
12. **Coalition** - اتحاد / مخلوط حکومت
(An alliance of political parties to form a government.)
13. **Lobbying** - سفارش کرنا / لابنگ
(The act of influencing government decisions, often by interest groups.)
14. **Partisan** - طرفدار / پارٹی پرست
(Strong support for a particular party or cause.)
15. **Bipartisan** - دو جماعتی
(Involving cooperation between two political parties.)
16. **Impeachment** - مواخذہ
(The process of charging a public official with misconduct.)
17. **Referendum** - رائے شماری
(A direct vote by the people on a specific issue or policy.)
18. **Federalism** - وفاقیت
(A system of government where power is divided between central and regional authorities.)
19. **Sovereignty** - خود مختاری
(The supreme authority of a state to govern itself.)
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# Ideologies
20. **Capitalism** - سرمایہ داری
(An economic system based on private ownership and free markets.)
21. **Socialism** - اشتراکیت
(A system where the means of production are owned or controlled by the state.)
22. **Communism** - کمیونزم
(A classless system where all property is publicly owned.)
23. **Nationalism** - قوم پرستی
(A strong sense of pride and loyalty to one's nation.)
24. **Secularism** - لادینیت / سیکولرازم
(The separation of religion from state affairs.)
25. **Authoritarianism** - آمریت
(A system where power is concentrated in a single authority or leader.)
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# International Relations
26. **Diplomacy** - سفارت کاری
(The art of managing international relations through negotiation.)
27. **Sanctions** - پابندیاں
(Restrictions imposed on a country to force political change.)
28. **Treaty** - معاہدہ
(A formal agreement between countries.)
29. **Alliance** - اتحاد
(A union or association formed for mutual benefit, often between countries.)
30. **Neutrality** - غیر جانبداری
(The policy of not supporting any side in a conflict.)
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Political Movements
31. **Revolution** - انقلاب
(A sudden and radical change in the political system.)
32. **Protest** - احتجاج
(A public demonstration of objection or dissent.)
33. **Coup d'état** - فوجی بغاوت
(The sudden overthrow of a government, often by the military.)
34. **Civil Rights** - شہری حقوق
(The rights of citizens to political and social freedom and equality.)
35. **Populism** - عوامیت
(A political approach that appeals to the interests of ordinary people.)
# Miscellaneous
36. **Corruption** - بدعنوانی
(The misuse of power for personal gain.)
37. **Transparency** - شفافیت
(Openness and accountability in government actions.)
38. **Accountability** - جوابدہی
(The obligation of officials to justify their actions.)
39. **Propaganda** - پراپیگنڈا
(Information used to promote a political cause or point of view.)
40. **Censorship** - سنسرشپ
(The suppression of speech or information deemed objectionable.)
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09/03/2025