Jk Atlas Tutorial
Share
As of now, Bengali, Marathi, Pali, Prakrit, and Assamese have been newly added to the list of classical languages by the Government of India. This brings the total number of classical Indian languages to 11. Here are the details:
Previously Recognized Classical Languages:
1. Tamil(recognized in 2004)
2. Sanskrit (recognized in 2005)
3. Telugu(recognized in 2008)
4. Kannada (recognized in 2008)
5. Malayalam(recognized in 2013)
6. Oriya (recognized in 2014)
Newly Recognized Classical Languages:
7. Bengali
8. Marathi
9. Pali
10. Prakrit
11. Assamese
Amendments and Criteria for Classical Language Status:
- Rich Heritage and Legacy: The language must have a recorded history of at least 1500-2000 years, showcasing its independent tradition.
- Literary Heritage: There must be an extensive body of ancient literature considered valuable across generations.
- No Modern Influence: The literary tradition of the classical language should be distinct, and it must not have been substantially influenced by other languages in its early development stages.
Benefits of Classical Language Status:
- Financial assistance is given for the promotion and research of these languages.
- A Classical Language Promotion Board may be formed to provide necessary resources.
- Annual Awards for scholars who contribute to research in these languages.
This recognition seeks to preserve and promote India's vast linguistic diversity, emphasizing the importance of these languages in shaping the cultural, literary, and historical narratives of the country.
The Middle East is a region with a rich tapestry of ethnic groups, tribes, religions, and sects, leading to a complex socio-political landscape. Below is a breakdown of the key population groups, dominant tribes, religions, and the related issues in major Middle Eastern countries, as well as external support dynamics.
# # # 1. **Saudi Arabia**
- **Population**: Approximately 35 million.
- **Ethnic Groups**: Predominantly Arab; a small number of Afro-Arabs and Asians.
- **Religion**: Islam (Sunni 85-90%, Shia 10-15%).
- **Tribes**:
- **Al Saud**: The ruling family, from the Anizah tribe.
- **Other Prominent Tribes**: Qahtan, Shammar, Harb, Otaibah.
- **Related Issues**:
- **Sunni-Shia Divide**: The Shia minority, primarily in the Eastern Province, often faces discrimination and marginalization.
- **Religious Conservatism**: The influence of Wahhabism shapes the country's laws and social norms.
- **External Support**: Saudi Arabia is backed by Western countries, particularly the U.S., for its strategic importance in oil and regional stability.
# # # 2. **Iran**
- **Population**: Approximately 87 million.
- **Ethnic Groups**: Persians (61%), Azeris (16%), Kurds (10%), Lurs (6%), Arabs (2%), Baluchis (2%).
- **Religion**: Islam (Shia 90-95%, Sunni 5-10%).
- **Tribes**:
- **Persians**: Dominate culturally and politically.
- **Kurdish Tribes**: Concentrated in the northwest, with significant autonomy movements.
- **Baloch Tribes**: In the southeast, often marginalized.
- **Related Issues**:
- **Ethnic Minority Rights**: Kurds, Baloch, and Arabs face discrimination and repression.
- **Sunni-Shia Divide**: Sunni minorities face religious restrictions.
- **External Support**: Iran has strong ties with Russia and China and supports Shia groups like Hezbollah in Lebanon and the Houthis in Yemen.
# # # 3. **Iraq**
- **Population**: Approximately 43 million.
- **Ethnic Groups**: Arabs (75-80%), Kurds (15-20%), Turkmen, Assyrians, Yazidis, Shabaks.
- **Religion**: Islam (Shia 60-65%, Sunni 32-37%), small Christian and Yazidi minorities.
- **Tribes**:
- **Sunni Arab Tribes**: Dulaim, Shammar, Anbar.
- **Shia Arab Tribes**: Bani Hassan, Bani Tamim.
- **Kurdish Tribes**: Barzani, Talabani.
- **Related Issues**:
- **Sectarian Violence**: Sunni-Shia conflict, especially post-2003 U.S. invasion.
- **Kurdish Autonomy**: The Kurdish region in the north seeks greater autonomy or independence.
- **External Support**: The Shia-dominated government is supported by Iran, while the U.S. and its allies have historically supported the Iraqi government and Kurdish forces.
# # # 4. **Syria**
- **Population**: Approximately 21 million.
- **Ethnic Groups**: Arabs (74%), Kurds (10%), Turkmen, Assyrians, Armenians, Circassians.
- **Religion**: Islam (Sunni 74%, Shia/Alawite 13%, Druze 3%), Christian (10%).
- **Tribes**:
- **Alawites**: The Assad family belongs to this sect, dominating the military and political elite.
- **Kurdish Tribes**: In the northeast, seeking autonomy.
- **Sunni Arab Tribes**: Significant in eastern and central Syria.
- **Related Issues**:
- **Civil War**: Conflict between the Alawite-led government and Sunni rebels, Kurds, and other groups.
- **Ethnic and Sectarian Divides**: Ethnic Kurds and religious minorities seek greater rights and autonomy.
- **External Support**: The Assad regime is backed by Russia and Iran, while opposition groups received varying levels of support from the U.S., Turkey, and Gulf states.
# # # 5. **Lebanon**
- **Population**: Approximately 5.5 million.
- **Ethnic Groups**: Predominantly Arab; small groups of Armenians and other minorities.
- **Religion**: Islam (Sunni 30%, Shia 30%), Christian (Maronite 21%, Greek Orthodox 8%, other Christian sects), Druze (5%).
- **Tribes**:
- **Maronite Christians**: Historically dominant in politics and business.
- **Shia Muslims**: Represented by Hezbollah, powerful in the south and Beqaa Valley.
- **Sunni Muslims**: Predominantly in the north and central regions.
- **Related Issues**:
- **Sectarian Politics**: Power is divided among religious groups, leading to constant tension and political instability.
- **Hezbollah’s Influence**: A Shia militant group and political party backed by Iran, often in conflict with Israel and opposed by Sunni and Christian groups.
- **External Support**: Hezbollah is backed by Iran, while Sunni factions have support from Saudi Arabia and Western countries.
# # # 6. **Yemen**
- **Population**: Approximately 30 million.
- **Ethnic Groups**: Predominantly Arab, with some Afro-Arabs.
- **Religion**: Islam (Sunni 65%, Shia (Zaydi) 35%).
- **Tribes**:
- **Zaydi Shia Tribes**: Predominantly in the north, associated with the Houthi movement.
- **Sunni Tribes**: Predominantly in the south and east.
- **Related Issues**:
- **Civil War**: Ongoing conflict between the Houthi rebels and the Yemeni government, exacerbated by external interventions.
- **Sectarian Divide**: Sunni-Shia tensions, particularly between the Houthis (Shia) and other Sunni factions.
- **External Support**: The Houthis are backed by Iran, while the Yemeni government is supported by a Saudi-led coalition, including the UAE.
# # # 7. **Turkey**
- **Population**: Approximately 85 million.
- **Ethnic Groups**: Turks (70-75%), Kurds (15-20%), other minorities (Armenians, Greeks, Arabs).
- **Religion**: Islam (Sunni 70-80%, Alevi 15-20%).
- **Tribes**:
- **Turkish Tribes**: Historically influential in the central and western regions.
- **Kurdish Tribes**: Primarily in the southeast, with a strong independence movement.
- **Related Issues**:
- **Kurdish Issue**: The conflict with the PKK (Kurdistan Workers' Party), a Kurdish militant group seeking autonomy or independence.
- **Secularism vs. Islamism**: Tensions between the secular state and rising political Islam under President Erdogan.
- **External Support**: Turkey is a NATO member and has complex relations with both the West and Russia, while it also plays a key role in regional conflicts like Syria.
# # # 8. **Israel and Palestine**
- **Population**:
- **Israel**: Approximately 9 million (including Israeli Jews, Arabs, and others).
- **Palestinian Territories**: Approximately 5 million (West Bank and Gaza Strip).
- **Ethnic Groups**:
- **Israel**: Jewish (74%), Arab (21%).
- **Palestinian Territories**: Predominantly Arab.
- **Religion**:
- **Israel**: Judaism (74%), Islam (18%), Christianity (2%).
- **Palestinian Territories**: Islam (Sunni 98%), Christian (2%).
- **Tribes**:
- **Palestinian Clans**: Various clans dominate local politics in the West Bank and Gaza.
- **Related Issues**:
- **Israeli-Palestinian Conflict**: Ongoing dispute over land, sovereignty, and national identity.
- **Settlements**: Expansion of Israeli settlements in the West Bank is a major point of contention.
- **External Support**: Israel is backed by the U.S. and some Western countries, while Palestinians receive support from Arab states, though this has waned in recent years.
# # # 9. **Jordan**
- **Population**: Approximately 11 million.
- **Ethnic Groups**: Arabs (98%), Circassians, Armenians.
- **Religion**: Islam (Sunni 97%), Christianity (2%).
- **Tribes**:
- **Bedouin Tribes**: Historically dominant in Jordanian politics and military.
- **Related Issues**:
- **Palestinian Refugees**: A large portion of the population are Palestinians, leading to complex internal dynamics.
- **Monarchy vs. Popular Representation**: The Hashemite monarchy maintains power through alliances with tribes and the military.
- **External Support**: Jordan receives significant aid from the U.S. and Gulf states
In Jammu and Kashmir, several trees are well-known and have local names. Here are some of them:
1. # (Platanus orientalis) - Locally known as #
2. **Deodar** (Cedrus deodara) - Locally known as **Diyar**.
3. **Walnut** (Juglans regia) - Locally known as **Doon**.
4. **Willow** (Salix spp.) - Locally known as **Veer**.
5. **Poplar** (Populus spp.) - Locally known as **Frees**.
6. **Apple** (Malus domestica) - Locally known as **Chaunt**.
7. **Pine** (Pinus spp.) - Locally known as **Kail** or **Chir**.
8. **Mulberry** (Morus spp.) - Locally known as **Toot**.
9. **Apricot** (Prunus armeniaca) - Locally known as **Tser**.
10. **Almond** (Prunus dulcis) - Locally known as **Badam**.
These trees are integral to the local ecosystem and culture, often used for their timber, fruits, and shade.
06/02/2024
Click here to claim your Sponsored Listing.
